Temporal Scattering

I show that the Eternalist faces a trilemma. Given their theory of time, three claims are each very plausible, yet together form an inconsistent triad. Denying any one of these claims will have significant consequences for how they can conceive of the material realm. I urge that the best strategy is to deny the first claim, and show that this would have a significant consequence: Perdurantism is false

How Composites Could Have Been Indispensable

Mereological Nihilism is the thesis that no material object has proper parts; every material object is a simple. Recent developments in plural semantics have made it possible to develop and motivate this position. In particular, some have argued that the tools of plural reference and quantification enable us to systematically paraphrase true statements apparently about composites into statements that only concern simples. Are composites really surplus to philosophical requirements? Given the resources of plural semantics, what must the world be like if composites are to be theoretically indispensable? I will describe and defend the possibility of scenario in which mention of composites cannot be paraphrased. We will therefore come to appreciate one way in which the world would have to be in order for composites to be required and for Nihilism to fail

Against the Compositional View of Facts

It is commonly assumed that facts would be complex entities made out of particulars and universals. This thesis, which I call Compositionalism, holds that parthood may be construed broadly enough so that the relation that holds between a fact and the entities it ‘ties’ together counts as a kind of parthood. I argue firstly that Compositionalism is incompatible with the possibility of certain kinds of fact and universal, and, secondly, that such facts and universals are possible. I conclude that Compositionalism is false. What all these kinds of fact and universal have in common is a violation of supplementation principles governing any relation that may be intelligibly regarded as a kind of parthood. Although my arguments apply to Compositionalism generally, I focus on recent work by David Armstrong, who is a prominent and explicit Compositionalist

Mid-Late Quaternary Fluvial Archives near the Margin of the MIS 12 Glaciation in Southern East Anglia, UK: Amalgamation of Multi-Disciplinary and Citizen-Science Data Sources

This paper presents an updated geological reconstruction of the Quaternary evolution of the River Thames at its downstream extremities, close to the North Sea coast, based on new data from multi-disciplinary and citizen-science sources. In this area, the interaction of the Thames with the MIS 12 (Anglian) glaciation is an important part of the Quaternary archive. The Anglian ice sheet, which reached parts of north and east London, was responsible for diverting the Thames southwards into its present course, although the footprint of the maximum ice sheet(s) does not reach the North Sea coast south of Hollesley, Suffolk. Further south, the coastal zone hosts pre-Anglian and early Anglian river-terrace deposits of the pre-diversion Thames system, superimposed upon which are products of later post-Anglian rivers, of both Middle and Late Pleistocene age. On the peninsula between the Stour and Blackwater–Colne estuaries, the lowest and most recent terrace of the pre-diversion Thames includes evidence directly pertaining to the glacial disruption event, for which geochronological data are reported here for the first time. The first post-diversion terrace of the Thames also reaches this peninsula, the river having essentially re-joined its original valley before crossing the alignment of the modern coastline. This terrace passes beneath Clacton-on-Sea, where it includes the type locality of the Clactonian Palaeolithic Industry. The area of interest to this paper, in NE Essex and southern Suffolk, includes a number of interglacial and Palaeolithic sites, the data from which assist in constraining the chronostratigraphy of the sequence. In some cases, there has been uncertainty as to whether these sites represent pre-Anglian environments and hominin occupations, part of the palaeo-Thames sequence, or whether they are the product of later post-Anglian streams, formed after the Thames had migrated southwards. This paper compiles evidence from a wide range of recent sources, including developer-funded archaeological appraisal and citizen-science activities, to explore and update the evidence from sites at Ipswich, Upper Dovercourt and Thorpe-le-Soken, as well as a number of localities associated with the Clacton Channel Deposits (host to the type-Clactonian), amongst others. The resulting new data are placed within the wider context of the Quaternary fluvial archives in southern Britain, with a discussion of how disparate sources of information, including the work of citizen scientists, have contributed

Mid-late quaternary fluvial archives near the margin of the MIS 12 glaciation in Southern East Anglia, UK: amalgamation of multi-disciplinary and citizen-science data sources

This paper presents an updated geological reconstruction of the Quaternary evolution of the River Thames at its downstream extremities, close to the North Sea coast, based on new data from multi-disciplinary and citizen-science sources. In this area, the interaction of the Thames with the MIS 12 (Anglian) glaciation is an important part of the Quaternary archive. The Anglian ice sheet, which reached parts of north and east London, was responsible for diverting the Thames southwards into its present course, although the footprint of the maximum ice sheet(s) does not reach the North Sea coast south of Hollesley, Suffolk. Further south, the coastal zone hosts pre-Anglian and early Anglian river-terrace deposits of the pre-diversion Thames system, superimposed upon which are products of later post-Anglian rivers, of both Middle and Late Pleistocene age. On the peninsula between the Stour and Blackwater–Colne estuaries, the lowest and most recent terrace of the pre-diversion Thames includes evidence directly pertaining to the glacial disruption event, for which geochronological data are reported here for the first time. The first post-diversion terrace of the Thames also reaches this peninsula, the river having essentially re-joined its original valley before crossing the alignment of the modern coastline. This terrace passes beneath Clacton-on-Sea, where it includes the type locality of the Clactonian Palaeolithic Industry. The area of interest to this paper, in NE Essex and southern Suffolk, includes a number of interglacial and Palaeolithic sites, the data from which assist in constraining the chronostratigraphy of the sequence. In some cases, there has been uncertainty as to whether these sites represent pre-Anglian environments and hominin occupations, part of the palaeo-Thames sequence, or whether they are the product of later post-Anglian streams, formed after the Thames had migrated southwards. This paper compiles evidence from a wide range of recent sources, including developer-funded archaeological appraisal and citizen-science activities, to explore and update the evidence from sites at Ipswich, Upper Dovercourt and Thorpe-le-Soken, as well as a number of localities associated with the Clacton Channel Deposits (host to the type-Clactonian), amongst others. The resulting new data are placed within the wider context of the Quaternary fluvial archives in southern Britain, with a discussion of how disparate sources of information, including the work of citizen scientists, have contributed

British Columbia housing supply : an examination of the record

New record levels of dwelling unit starts were experienced within British Columbia in each of the years 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1971, 1972 and 1973. Residential construction starts were at record levels until the downturn in the World and Provincial economies in 1974 reduced the level of residential construction activity. Paradoxically, even though residential construction has been at record levels, much attention has been given to claims that British Columbia has been experiencing a "housing crisis" - a shortage of housing supply. In light of the concern over the possible existence of a housing crisis within British Columbia, this thesis examined the housing stock and the record of the housing supply process in British Columbia in an attempt to answer the questions - Is there a crisis in supply? Is there a housing supply shortage? If so, how did it develop? The problem was attacked through an examination of changes in the housing stock and the housing supply process within the Province over the period 1961 to 1974. The bulk of the data for the study was obtained from the 1971 Census of Canada's statistics on housing, 1961 to 1971. Information relating to housing construction over the period subsequent to the Census was also obtained from the Regional Statistician of the Central and Housing Corporation. Over the period 1961 to 1971 the housing stock of British Columbia grew 45.3 percent, far outpacing population growth of 31.1 percent during the same period. During the decade, housing conditions improved tremendously as the average number of rooms per dwelling increased; the average number of bedrooms per dwelling increased; the average number of persons per household declined; and the number of two family households declined. Housing conditions could not have improved if there had been a breakdown in the housing supply process. Between 1971 and 1974 new record levels of housing construction were experienced in 1971, 1972 and 1973. In light of the improving conditions of the Provincial housing stock, it would appear that, in aggregate, the housing supply process has been functioning adequately. The construction of single-detached dwelling units more than doubled between 1966 and 1973 and the construction of semi-detached units and row housing units has also been at high levels in recent years. The only section of the housing market that is suffering from shortage of supply is the rental sector. Apartment construction in British Columbia reached its peak in 1969 and has since fallen. In June 1974 a vacancy rate of only 0.2 percent was experienced in Metropolitan Vancouver. The shortage of rental accommodation has been caused by a great increase in the demand for rental accommodation, concurrent with a downturn in rental apartment construction due to the reduced attractiveness of investment in rental apartments. Investment in apartment construction has become unattractive as a result of growing landlord tenant conflicts, changes in Income Tax Legislation, citizen opposition to apartment development, and Provincial rent control legislation. The shortage of rental apartment units will only be eliminated if apartment construction again becomes attractive to investors. What is needed is an elimination of all Rent Control Legislation and an acceptance, by all levels of Government, of a commitment to encourage, not discourage, housing development of all forms.Business, Sauder School ofGraduat